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Medical English Semester-Long Outline • • Different body systems • • Types of diseases • ⁃ Infectious vs. non-infectious • ⁃ Chronic, acute, and subacute • ⁃ Hereditary diseases • ⁃ Genes • ⁃ Dominant / Recessive • ⁃ X-linked / autosomal • ⁃ Complication • • The cell • ⁃ Nucleus • ⁃ Cytoplasm • ⁃ Cell membrane • ⁃ Mitochondria • ⁃ Respiration • ⁃ Glucose • ⁃ Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Water, ATP • ⁃ Energy • ⁃ Ribosomes • ⁃ DNA • ⁃ RNA • ⁃ Protein • • Muscular System • ⁃ 3 different types of muscle • ⁃ Smooth muscle • ⁃ Skeletal muscle • ⁃ Cardiac muscle • ⁃ Which types are striated? / non-striated? • ⁃ Which types are voluntary? / involuntary? • Where can each type of muscle be found? • ⁃ Contracting and relaxing • ⁃ Tendons • Nerves and muscles • • Muscular Diseases • ⁃ Muscular dystrophy — primary muscular disease • ⁃ Muscular atrophy — secondary muscular disease • ⁃ What is the difference between dystrophy and atrophy? • ⁃ Importance of innervation for muscles. • ⁃ Stephen Hawking (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) • • Skeletal System • ⁃ Kinds of tissue in the skeletal system • ⁃ Main functions of the skeletal system • ⁃ support • ⁃ HEMATOpoiesis • ⁃ mineral storage • ⁃ protection • ⁃ movement formation of bone tissue osteoblasts 成骨细胞 osteoclasts 破骨细胞 structure of bone cartilage bone marrow spongy bone; compact bone some important bones rib cage; ribs spinal column cranium pelvis • • Skeletal diseases • ⁃ Arthritis • • Digestive System • ⁃ Main functions of the digestive system and corresponding organs • ⁃ ingestion • ⁃ digestion (mechanical and chemical) • ⁃ absorption • ⁃ excretion • ⁃ Organs in the digestive system • ⁃ oral cavity • ⁃ pharynx • ⁃ esophagus • ⁃ peristalsis (蠕动)— the contraction of smooth muscles in the digestive system that moves food • ⁃ stomach • ⁃ changes food into chyme • ⁃ small intestine • ⁃ duodenum—digestion • ⁃ jejunum—absorption • ⁃ ileum • ⁃ colon (big intestine) • cecum • ⁃ appendix • ⁃ Structure of the digestive tract • ⁃connective tissue • smooth muscle • ⁃ inner lining • ⁃ digestive glands • ⁃ villi 绒毛 • ⁃ Accessory organs • ⁃ liver, gall-bladder, pancreas • ⁃ gall-bladder • ⁃ stores the bile • ⁃ liver • ⁃ makes bile • ⁃ blood detoxification • ⁃ pancreas • ⁃ digestive enzymes • ⁃ also has endocrine functions • ⁃ insulin, glucagon • ⁃ diabetes • • Respiratory System • ⁃ Functions of the respiratory system • ⁃ Respiration • ⁃ Gas exchange • ⁃ Names of the parts • ⁃ nasal cavity • ⁃ pharynx • ⁃ larynx • ⁃ trachea • ⁃ bronchi, bronchioles (支气管,细支气管) • ⁃ alveoli 肺泡 • ⁃ diaphragm • ⁃ Lobular structure • ⁃ left, 2 lobes (because of heart) • ⁃ right, 3 lobes • • Respiratory Diseases • ⁃ Pneumonia • ⁃ Influenza • ⁃ Tuberculosis • ⁃ Acute pulmonary edema • • Cardiovascular System • ⁃ Types of blood vessels • ⁃ Arteries/arterioles • ⁃ Veins/venules • ⁃ Capillaries—one cell thick in order to be able to do gas exchange • ⁃ Which vessels carry oxygen rich blood and oxygen poor blood? • Which vessels carry blood away from the heart? Toward it? • ⁃ Structure of the blood vessels (layers of tissue) • ⁃ Outside- connective tissue • ⁃ Middle- smooth muscle • ⁃ Inside- endothelium • ⁃ Cardiac cycle • ⁃ Systole • ⁃ Diastole • ⁃ Heart structure • ⁃ Four chambers • ⁃ 2 atria (ATRIUM) • ⁃ 2 ventricles • ⁃ Flow of blood in the body • • Heart Diseases • ⁃ Heart failure • ⁃ Chest pain • ⁃ Why does it cause edema? • ⁃ High blood pressure • ⁃ Hemorrhage / bleeding • • The blood • ⁃ Functions of the blood • ⁃ gas and nutrient exchange • ⁃ blood clotting / hemostasis (止血) • ⁃ immunity • ⁃ 3 main types of blood cells • ⁃ Red blood cells / erythrocytes • ⁃ White blood cells / leukocytes • ⁃ Platelets / thrombocytes • What is the function of each type of cell? • ⁃ Hematopoiesis — the creation of blood • The types of white blood cells** • Granulocytes: basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils • Agranulocytes: monocytes, lymphocytes • Lymphocytes: b cells and t cells • • Blood diseases • ⁃ Anemia • ⁃ Leukemia • • Tissues/general terms • ⁃ Epithelial tissue • ⁃ Endothelial tissue • ⁃ Connective tissues • ⁃ Mucous membranes • ⁃ cilia • ⁃ Lining • ⁃ Lumen • • Roots • ⁃ Ribo • ⁃ Nucleo • ⁃ Epi • ⁃ Endo • ⁃ -cyte • ⁃ -logy • ⁃ -phil • ⁃ Immuno • ⁃ ex • ⁃ inter • ⁃ A-, an- • ⁃ ic, ary, ar • ⁃ Arthro • ⁃ itis • ⁃ ox- • ⁃ cardio • PATHO • GEN ectomy • • Vocab • ⁃ hormone • ⁃ deficiency • ⁃ to administer (a drug) 给药 to suffer (from a disease) 患某病 • ⁃ concentration • ⁃ fluid, liquid • ⁃ wound • ⁃ inflammation
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