住院医师规范化考题 英语

冯*果

有18%的老年人同时患有关节炎和心脏病，虽然每个疾病可以增加3~4倍的病残率，但两个疾病同时存在，可使病残率提高14倍。

　　第十三章
组织工程

The loss or failure of an organ ortissue is devastating.

　　器官、组织的丧失或衰竭是毁灭性的。

Current treatment methods includetransplantation of organs, surgical reconstruction, use of mechanical devices,or supplementation of metabolic products.

　　现有的治疗方法有器官移植、外科重建、机械装置的应用以及代谢性产品的补充治疗。

However, the ultimate goal oftransplantation should reside in the ability to restore living cells tomaintain or even enhance existing tissue function.

　　移植的最终目的应该基于重建活细胞群以维持甚至增进现有组织的功能。

By developing replacement tissues thatremain intact with bioactive properties after implantation, retaining physiologicfunctions as well as structure to the tissue or organ damaged by disease ortrauma, tissue engineering could provide an alternative to transplantation andother forms of reconstruction.

　　通过植入后仍有生物活性的替换组织发展，保持因病变或创伤而损害器官的生理功能和组织结构，组织工程能提供移植和其它重建方式的一种替代选择。

Skin replacement products are the mostadvanced, with several tissue-engineering wound care materials currently on themarket worldwide.

　　皮肤替代产品最为成熟，最近有好几个组织工程（产商）将在全球市场经营这些材料。

The potential impact of this field isendless, offering unique solutions to the medical field for tissue and organreplacement.

　　这个领域的冲力是无限的，它提供了组织、器官替代领域独特的解决方法。

Tissue engineering may eventually beapplied to the regeneration of diverse tissues such as the liver, smallintestine, cardiovascular structures, nerve, and cartilage.

　　组织工程可能最终能应用于各种组织的重建，如肝、小肠、心血管结构、神经和软骨。

Work on bioartificial liver devices hasbeen under way for several years.

　　生物人工肝装置的研究工作已经进行了好几年。

The sources of cells required for tissueengineering are summarized by three categories, autologous cells (from thepatient), allogeneic cells (from donor, but not immunologically identical), andxenogeneic cells (donor form a different species).

　　组织工程所需的细胞源被总结为三大类，自体细胞（来源于病人）、同种异体细胞（来源于供者，但不是免疫同源的）和异种细胞（不同物种的供者）。

each category may be further delineatedin terms of stem cells (** or embryonic) or “differentiated” cells obtainedfrom tissue, where the cell population obtained from tissue dissociationcomprises a mixture of cells at different maturation stages and includes rarestem and progenitor cells.

　　每一类可以用术语干细胞进一步描述（成人的或胚胎的），或从组织获得的“不同”细胞进一步描述，组织分离获得的细胞群包含着不同成熟时期的细胞混合体，包括半成熟细胞和原始细胞。

Recent discoveries have indicated thatstem cells of one type can transdifferentiate to repair damaged tissue ofanother type (i.e., hematopoietic stem cells home to infarcted myocardium andrepair the tissue).

　　最近的发现提示一种类型的干细胞能够转分化以修补另一类型的损伤组织（这就是说，造血干细胞可植入梗死的心肌进行修复）。

　　隐匿性和来源不明性胃肠道出血

Occult bleeding is defined as thedetection of asymptomatic blood loss from the gastrointestinal tract, generallyby routine fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) or the presence of iron deficiencyanemia.

　　隐匿性出血指的是发现无症状性胃肠道出血，一般通过常规的大便隐血试验（ FOBT）或存在着缺铁性贫血。

Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding isdefined as bleeding of unknown origin that persists or recurs after a negativeinitial endoscopic evaluation of both the upper and lower gastrointestinaltracts.

　　来源不明性胃肠出血是指首次上、下消化管内窥镜检查都阴性、原发部位不明的持续或反复性出血。

Both of these entities may bepresentations of recurrent or chronic bleeding.

　　两者都可能表现为反复的或慢性的出血。

The initial approach to evidence ofoccult gastrointestinal blood loss should be endoscopic evaluation.

　　对隐匿性胃肠道出血，应该使用内窥镜进行早期检查。

In the setting of an isolated positiveFOBT, colonoscopy is indicated as the first test.

　　只有单独的大便隐血试验阳性情况下，结肠镜作为首选的检查方法是有适应征的。

The yield of colonoscopy in thesepatients is approximately 2% for cancer and 30% for one of more

mental retardation(智力低下);newborn screening(新生儿筛查);neonataltetenus(新生儿破伤风);handfoot mouth disease(手足口病)

5****1

{MOD}，热热身，希望派上用场。