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答题技巧——学位考试指导
目 录
第一节 阅读理解 1
一、阅读技巧 1
二、解题类型及应试技巧 2
第二节 词语用法及语法结构 7
一、词汇出题的形式与重点难点 7
二、语法出题的形式与重点难点 11
第三节 挑错部分 16
第四节 完形填空 18
第五节 英汉互译 20
一、英译汉 20
二、汉译英 23
正 文
第一节 阅读理解
一、阅读技巧
??阅读理解包括三篇短文,总阅读量不超过900个词。每篇短文后设5个问题,每题2分,共30分。所选短文内容包括人物传记、热门话题、社会、文化、日常知识、科普常识等。阅读理解题要求考生读后能掌握文章的主旨大意,了解说明主旨大意的事实和细节,并根据所读内容进行一定的判断和推论。
阅读理解题是一种综合性的技能测试,它不仅要求考生具有较强的理解能力,还要求考生要有一定的阅读速度。而通常影响阅读理解的主要有三大因素:词汇量、语法知识、背景知识。从前些年三级统考的实际情况看,考生们反应最困难是词汇量太小,其直接后果是感觉时间太紧,答不完试卷。至于后两项也是弱项的考生来说就更困难了。考生要在这一项上取得高分,除了要在词汇量、语法知识、背景知识三个方面多下功夫外,还必须学会掌握一些最基本的阅读技能,了解这部分试题的基本设题思路及解题方法和技巧。下面我分“阅读技巧”和“解题类型及应试技巧”两部分给同学们做详细介绍。
(一)阅读技巧
根据不同的阅读目的,可以采用不同的阅读方法,或称阅读技巧。一般来说,阅读方法有略读、寻读和细读三种。
(1)略读(Skimming)
“略读”又称“浏览”,是指跳过细节,跳过不重要的描述与例子,进行快速阅读以求抓住文章的大意和主题思想的方法。阅读时速度要快,一般来说,250字左右的短文应在二、三分钟之内看完。略读时精力必须十分集中,不要去记忆细节,遇到个别生词或难懂的词句均可略过,以求对全文总体意思的了解。为了更好地抓住全文的中心思想,略读时要特别注意文章的起始段和结束段以及文章中每一段的段首句和结尾句,因为它们往往是对文章内容最好的概括。
(2)寻读(Scanning)
寻读是快速寻找某一特殊信息的阅读方法。它的目的非常明确,即找到所需要的信息。日常生活中我们对这一方法并不陌生。例如从人群中找出你认识的朋友,从货架上找出你想购买的商品,在书架上寻找一本你要找的书,从一本指南中找出某个单位的地址等,都是利用这种方法。在寻读时,目光要自上而下,一目数行地寻视与答题相关的词句,与此无关的内容要很快掠过。当回答who, when, where等有关文章细节时,我们用这种方法很快就能找到答案。
(3)细读(Reading for full understanding)
细读是在找到文章中的有关部分以后,在此范围内逐句阅读,特别要对关键词、句仔细琢磨,以便对其有比较深刻、准确的理解。不仅要理解其字面意思,还要通过推理和判断,弄清文章中字里行间所隐含的意思。在细读的过程中,对没有学过的生词,可根据上下文的背景知识来推测其词义;对难以看懂的长句,可借助语法手段,对其加以分析,以达到正确理解的目的。
总之,在阅读一篇文章的过程中,我们应根据不同的要求,采用不同的阅读方法,对有些阅读理解问题知其大意即可,另一些需要寻读,而少数则需要细心推敲。在三级统考中我们应当充分利用以上三种阅读方法,即用“略读”法浏览全文,以求抓住文章的大意和主题思想。在此基础上根据问题的要求,采用寻读或细读的方法来解答问题。??
二、解题类型及应试技巧
(一)主题思想常见提问方式及答题技巧
主题思想题在考试中出现的频率较高,因为这类题可考查考生抓主要信息的能力,而能够抓住文章的主要信息又是阅读能力的一个极为重要的方面。这类题在设题时常会用到title, subject, main idea , topic, theme等词。常见的提问形式有以下几种:
What is the main idea of the passage?
Which of the following would be the best title?
What’s the best title for the passage?
The main idea of the passage is that _____.
This passage tells us _____.
Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?
What does the passage mainly discuss?
做这类题时常用略读法,把注意力放在抓主要信息上,不去过分注意细节事实,否则会造成“只见树木,不见森林”的结果。通常的办法是,快速阅读文章时注意找出各段主题句。英文文章各段主题句常放在段首,有时也放在段尾或段落中间,有时不明确写出,通读文章后把各段主题句联系起来,一般就能得出文章主题。
就整篇文章来讲,首段和尾段一般对于解这类题更为重要。我们以97年统考试卷中阅读理解部分的第一篇文章为例:
How often one hears children wishing they were grown up, and old people wishing they were young again. Each age has its pleasures and its pains, and the happiest person is the one who enjoys what each age gives him without wasting his time in useless regrets.
Childhood is a time when there are few responsibilities to make life difficult. If a child has good parents, he is fed, looked after and loved ,whatever he may do .It is impossible that he will ever again in his life be given so much without having to do anything in return .In addition ,life is always presenting new things to the child——things that have lost their interest for older people because they are too well-know. But a child has his pains: he is not so free to do what he wishes to do; he is continually being told not to do things, or being punished for what he has done wrong.
When the young man starts to earn his own living, he can no longer expect others to pay for his food, his clothes, and his room, but has to work if he wants to live comfortably. If he spends most of his time playing about in the way that he used to as a child, he will go hungry. And if he breaks the laws of society as he used to break the laws of his parents, he may go to prison. If however, he works hard, keeps out of trouble and has good health, he can have the great happiness of building up for himself his own position in society.
文章后面第四个问题是:
The main idea of the passage is that _____.
A. life is not enjoyable since each age has some pains
B. young men can have the greatest happiness if they work hard
C. childhood is the most enjoyable time in one’s life
D. one is the happiest if he can make good use of each age in his life
文章的第一段讲的是人们常听说孩子们盼着长大成人,老年人则希望返老还童。人生的每个阶段总是欢乐伴着苦恼,而最幸福的人则是那些既享受人生每一阶段所带来的欢乐,又没有因虚度年华而终生后悔的人。第二段讲述了一个人儿童时代的欢乐与苦恼,第三段则告诉读者青年人的责任与义务,机遇和挑战。从以上三段文字来看,第一段中第二句即是主题句,所以我们应选D为正确答案。
(二)主要事实和细节题的设题思路基答题技巧
主要事实和细节题就是我们平时所说的由who ,what ,where ,when ,why ,which ,how引出的问题。这是极为常见的阅读理解题。这类题主要是针对论证支持主题的事实或例证设题,可能涉及数学计算、概念理解以及是非判断等。
这类题的方法一般是先用寻读法找出与问题相关的词语或句子,再对相关部分进行细读,找出问题答案。
这类题提问的形式多种多样,常见的有以下几种:
Which of the following (statements) is Not mentioned in the passage?
According to the passage,which of the following statements is true?
According to the passage, all of the following are true except _____
How many…?
What…?
Why…?
解这类题时,审题是关键,首先一定得看清问题。比如一句结论性的话后边到底是…is true,还是is not true。另外,由于细节题比较容易,有时为了增加测试难度,命题人员在题干或选项中要增加一些文字或意义上的干扰。所以考生很少能在原文中找到一模一样的现成答案。
我们引用2002年试题为例。
On November 19, 1863, Abraham Lincoln went to Gettysburg in Pennsylvania to speak at the National Soldiers Cemetery. The Civil War was still going on. There was much criticism of President Lincoln at the time. He was not at all popular. He had been invited to speak at Gettysburg only out of politeness. The principal speaker was to be Edward Everett, a famous statesman and speaker of the day. Everett was a handsome man and very popular everywhere.
It is said that Lincoln prepared his speech on the train while going to Gettysburg. Late that night, alone in his hotel room and tired out, he again worked briefly on the speech. The next day Everett spoke first. He spoke for an hour and 57 minutes. His speech was a perfect example of the rich oratory of the day. Then Lincoln rose. The crowd of 15,000 people at first paid little attention to him. He spoke for only nine minutes. At the end there was little applause. Lincoln turned to a friend and remarked , "I have failed again." On the train back to Washington, he said sadly, "That speech was a flat failure, and the people are disappointed."
Some newspapers at first criticized the speech. But little by little as people read the speech they began to understand better. They began to appreciate its simplicity and its deep meaning. It was a speech which only Abraham Lincoln could have made.
Today, every American school child learns Lincoln's Gettysburg Address by heart. Now everyone thinks of it as one of the greatest speeches ever given in American history.
文章的最后一题是:
Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?
A. Lincoln's Gettysburg Address has deep meaning.
B. Lincoln's Gettysburg Address is simple in style.
C. Lincoln's Gettysburg Address is memorized by every American schoolchild.
D. Lincoln's Gettysburg Address is the greatest speech ever delivered in the United States.
答案可以在文章的第三段和第四段找到。“他的演讲含义深刻、风格简朴;如今美国所有的在校的学生都能背诵他的演讲”;文章中他谈到:“现在所有的人都认为他的演讲是美国历史上最好的演讲之一。”而不是美国最好的演讲。所以D是错误的。
推理性试题大多含有infer ,imply ,suggest ,conclude,(most)probably等关键词。以下是一些常见的提问方式:
It can be inferred from the passage that _____.
The passage implies that _____.
The passage suggests that _____.
What is implied in the passage?
The paragraph following (proceeding) this passage probably will discuss (discusses)_____.
(三)推理性试题常见提问方式及答题技巧
推理性试题不能从文章中直接找到答案。解这类题需要考生在正确理解原文语言字面意义的基础上,运用逻辑推理的方法去理解文章字里行间的意义。对原文中找到的所有相关信息要进行仔细分析,摸清它们相互之间时间、方位、因果、对比等逻辑关系,在此基础上进行综合推理,选定答案。
我们仍以2002年试题中的阅读理解文章为例。
On November 19, 1863, Abraham Lincoln went to Gettysburg in Pennsylvania to speak at the National Soldiers Cemetery. The Civil War was still going on. There was much criticism of President Lincoln at the time. He was not at all popular. He had been invited to speak at Gettysburg only out of politeness. The principal speaker was to be Edward Everett, a famous statesman and speaker of the day. Everett was a handsome man and very popular everywhere.
It is said that Lincoln prepared his speech on the train while going to Gettysburg. Late that night alone in his hotel room and tired out, he again worked briefly on the speech. The next day Everett spoke first. He spoke for an hour and 57 minutes. His speech was a perfect example of the rich oratory of the day. Then Lincoln rose. The crowd of 15,000 people at first paid little attention to him. He spoke for only nine minutes. At the end there was little applause. Lincoln turned to a friend and remarked , "I have failed again." On the train back to Washington, he said sadly, "That speech was a flat failure, and the people are disappointed."
Some newspapers at first criticized the speech. But little by little as people read the speech they began to understand better. They began to appreciate its simplicity and its deep meaning. It was a speech which only Abraham Lincoln could have made.
Today, every American school child learns Lincoln's Gettysburg Address by heart. Now everyone thinks of it as one of the greatest speeches ever given in American history.
文章后面的第五题就是一个推理性试题。
It can be inferred from the text that _____.
A. Lincoln prepared his speech very carefully before he went to Gettysburg
B. Lincoln was very busy at the time and didn't have much time to prepare his speech
C. Lincoln's speech was full of rich words
D. Lincoln's speech was very long
文章的第二段有这样的话:“It is said that Lincoln prepared his speech on the train while going to Gettysburg. Late that night, alone in his hotel room and tired out, he again worked briefly on the speech.”“据说林肯是在去葛底斯堡的火车上准备他的演讲的。那天深夜,在宾馆的房间里,他既孤独又疲倦,只是又简单准备了一下。”所以通过这些句子我们可以判断林肯非常的忙,没有更多的时间准备他的演讲,B是正确答案。A, C, D,均不符合文章的内容。??
(四)词汇题常见设题形式及答题技巧
词汇题是询问文章中出现的某个词、某个词组甚至某个句子含义的题型。其中所询问的词、词组或句子,往往不为考生所熟悉,但又能在文中找到线索进行推测,所以这类考题是检查考生是否具备根据一个词、词组或句子所处的特定环境来判断其意义的能力。
解答这类试题时,考生应首先明白,任何词或词语都不是孤立的,它或它们所在的上下文往往能提供重要的线索。某个定义、解释、甚至标点符号、关联词都可以帮***生推测一些词或词语的意义,除此之外,我们还必须注意所测试的词或词语与其前后一些词形成的同义、反义、并列和指代等关系。
这类题常见的提问方式有以下几种:
The word “ … ”in line 5 refers to…..
The word “… ”(Line 6. para.2) most probably means _____.
By “… ”,the author means _____.
The word “… ”could best be replaced by which of the following?
which of the following is nearest in meaning to “… ”?
In para.2,the sentence “…… ” probably means “…… ”
我们以2002年阅读第二篇文章为例:
The market investigation is indispensable to sales promotion. They are closely related as the lips and teeth, so to speak. What you produce is for sale on the market. It would be impossible to succeed in selling a product without first investigating the market.
In the international market, goods on sale coming from different countries and suppliers are always facing keen competition. Under such circumstances, they will try everything possible to familiarize themselves with the market conditions. In making investigations, we ought to get ***rmation about what similar items the compe**s are offering on the market, what prices they are quoting (报价), what features their products have, who are their regular customers, etc. Then, how can we obtain such ***rmation? There are many channels that we can make use of in doing this sort of work. The commercial counselor's offices of our embassies stationed abroad can help us in making market investigations. Nowadays, our import and export corporations send their trade groups abroad every now and then. One of their purposes is to make market surveys on the spot.
Certainly, face-to-face talks with foreign businessmen are also important channels to get market ***rmation. The Chinese Export Commodities Fairs and some other fairs of similar nature as well as visits of foreign businessmen provide us with such opportunities. Of course , there are some other ways of making market investigations.
文章的第三题是词汇题。
The word "indispensable" in the first line means_____.
A. impossible B. essential C. advisable D. available
“indispensable ”在文章的第一段的第一行。从它后面的句子:“市场调查和促销的关系就像牙齿和嘴唇的关系一样紧密。”接着又说:“生产是为了消瘦,如果没有事先的市场调查,消瘦就不可能成功。”又根据所给的四个选项,B:必不可少的,必需的。最合适。
以下介绍几种通过上下文推断词义的行之有效的方法.
1、标点符号是理解词义的一条重要线索,因为有些词的定义是通过标点符号,如破折号,括号,冒号等来完成的.如:
Sometimes we work on night shift—— from 11:30 p . m to 7:30 a.m
从破折号后的说明,我们可以断定“night shift”是“夜班”的意思。
2、有些信号词如:is called, means, that is, is, or, define as, refer to 等通常是针对某一词汇的定义、解释或说明。如:
One sort of crimes which particularly worries people is juvenile delinquency,that is, crimes committed by young people.
从that is的解释来看,我们可以断定“juvenile delinquency”即 “青少年犯罪”。
3、举例可以帮助我们理解词义。对于有些重要的词汇,作者常在词后自带解释或例子。因此,根据例子可猜出词义。如:
You may select any of these periodicals :Time Magazine, Newsweek, Reader′s Digest or The New Yorker.
从后边列举的时代周刊、新闻周刊等流行期刊,我们可以断定“periodical”即“期刊杂志”。
4、靠形成反差、对照的词或词组猜出词义。常见的这些词或词组有while, whereas, unlike, but, yet, although, however, in contrast, on the other hand, rather than 等。如:
Jane was talking with others while Eliza remained reticent all the time。
文章的while作“而,却”解,由此我们可以断定“reticent”作“沉默寡言的”解。
5、凭借常识和经验猜测词义。如:
The door was so low that I hit my head on the lintel.
只要你知道so that这个结构,凭借常识就应猜出“lintel”的意思是“过梁,上门梁”。
6、根据构词法来猜测词义。熟悉英语词汇的构词法,特别是派生词的构成方法及词义,可以帮助我们在阅读过程中有效地猜测词义,提高阅读速度,准确答题。
考生应特别注意英语词缀的某些特点。如,一般来说前缀只增加或改变一个词的意义,但并不改变其词性。例如:supermarket(超市),foretell (预言),dissatisfied(不满意的)uncomfortably(不舒服地)等。而后缀不但可以增加或改变一个词的意义,而且改变其词性。如washable变动词“洗”为形容词“可洗的”,normalize变形容词“正常的”为动词“使……正常化”,beginner变动词“开始”为名词“初学者”,childless则由名词“小孩”变为形容词“无子女的”。只要知道词根的意义,又熟悉前缀和后缀表示的意义,就不难判断这些词的词义。??
(五)询问作者写作目的或态度的常见提问形式
作者的语气态度往往不会直接写在文章里,只能通过细读文章,从作者的选词及其修饰手段中体会出来。这种题型常见的提问形式有:
The author seems _____.
The author’s tone in this passage is _____.
The purpose of the author in writing this passage is _____.
The author’s intention in writing the passage is to _____.
The writer probably feels that _____.
In the author’s opinion, _____.
这类考题中,询问语气态度的题,选择项里常出现已下一些重要的词:sympathetic 同情的;critical批评的; doubtful怀疑的;objective客观的;enthusiastic热情的,matter-of-fact实事求是的;hostile 敌对的;satisfied满意的;friendly友好的;indifferent冷淡的;subjective主观的;optimistic乐观的;pessimistic悲观的;disappointed失望的;neutral中立的。
询问写作目的题,选择项里常出现的词是:explain解释;persuade劝说;comment评论;criticize批评;interest引起……的注意或兴趣;entertain使欢乐;argue辩论;demonstrate举例说明,示范;tell讲述;prove 证明;urge激动;advise劝告;**yze分析;praise赞扬,view看待,等等。例:
One bright spot in the U.S. economy in 1979 was the surprising decline in gasoline use. Rising fuel costs are finally prodding Americans to cut back on consumption, and the need for this becomes more acute all the time.
有关作者态度或观点的问题是:
How does the author view the decline in gas consumption?
A. He is indifferent. B. He thinks it is a good sign.
C. He doesn’t see the need for it. D. He is unhappy about it.
作者把“the decline in gas consumption”描述为“one bright spot in the U.S economy”,可见答案应该是B。
除了要掌握基本的阅读方法和前面讲到的应试技巧以外,要想在规定的时间内,既能准确又能快速地回答好所有问题,考生还应注意以下几点:
1、考生应针对文章的不同题材和题型,选择不同的阅读方法。有时需要先浏览文章,后看题目;有时则不然。但通常情况下,应首先确定文章的主旨或主题,然后再审读问题。在绝大多数情况下我们的答题步骤应该是(1)预先快速浏览题干和每段首句,确定哪些是重点和相关因素,知道所设问题的类型,做到心中有数。(2)快速阅读文章,了解文章大意和重点,尽快扫描,读到与刚才所记住的与题干有关的内容,先用铅笔做些记号,快速在答案中选出一个临时答案,然后继续阅读。(3)用最快速度重读问题,找出心中已经有把握的答案位置。再阅读一遍该段有关材料,尽快答完有把握的问题。对那些尚未作答的题目,再用上述方法一口气重读一遍文章,这次应找出更微妙的线索,集中精力解决难题。
2、一般来说,除了主旨及推论型题目以外,题目顺序与文章的情节发展是一致的,因此应按题目顺序解题。
3、文章较难时,不必紧张,根据语言学科的测试规律,如果文章难则问题比较简单。只要能很好地应用阅读技巧,就不难找到正确答案。另外,文章偏长也不一定就难,因为在较长的篇幅中,其词汇,句子结构的复杂程度要相对容易些。
4、阅读过程中,可以在文章或问题旁空白处做些记号,也可以对一些与答题有关的词句划线。还可以标出一些关键词,尤其是文章的论点、论据及一些有关事实,以避免遗忘或回顾时浪费时间。
5、回答问题时不能按照个人的主观臆断,回答问题的根据应该建立在阅读文章的基础上。
第二节 词语用法及语法结构
一、词汇出题的形式与重点难点
词汇和语法结构部分共设30个单句,每句1分,共30分。题目中50%为词和短语的用法,50%为语法结构。
词汇和语法结构部分的考试目的是测试考生运用词汇,短语及语法结构的能力。考试范围包括全日制文理科本科教学大纲中词汇表及语法结构表一至三级的主要内容。下面我对这两部分分别进行讲解。
词汇部分的考试重点:名词,代词,介词,连词,形容词和副词,动词。
(一)名词
名词的考试重点是:名词的含义、名词和动词的搭配、名词的所有格。
一、 名词的含义:
1、The _____ of the play is so great that many people want to see it.
A. attention B. attraction C. attempt D. attack (答案为B。四个名词的意思分别attraction :吸引。 attention:注意力。attempt:努力。attack:进攻,袭击。是本句的意思是:“这个剧目有如此大的吸引力,以至于许多人都想看。”因此只有B最符合题意。)(2001年21题)
2、He has been teaching for 2years, but being a teacher is not his _____.
A. chance B. character C. attitude D. choice (答案为D。四个 名词的意思分别是:choice :选择。chance:机会。character:性特点。attitude :态度。本句的意思是“他已经教书两年了,但是当老师并不是他的选择。”只有D最符合题意。)(2001年25题)
二、 名词和动词的搭配:
1、Your sister has made an _____ for you to see the dentist at 3 this afternoon..
A. appointment B. interview C. opportunity D. assignment
(答案为A。make (fix) an appointment : 预约, 约会。固定搭配。)(2002年24题)
2、The committee is expected to _____ a decision this evening.
A. reach B. arrive C. bring D. take (答案为A。 习惯用这样的搭配:come to a decision, arrive at a decision, reach a decision 做出决定。)(2002年25题)
三、名词的所有格:
1、Sorry, I don’t know he is a friend of _____.
A. your brother B. your brothers C. your brother’s friend D. your brother’s (答案为D。a (an) +名词+of+名词性所有格 a friend my mine, a friend of ours, a friend of my mother’s。)(2001年56题)
2、Don’t you know he is an old friend of _____?
A .my brother B. my brothers C. my brother’s D. my brother’s friend (答案为C。)(1999年60题)
??
(二)代词
一、名词性与形容词性物主代词的区别
二、代词的替代
三、不定代词的用法
代词的用法主要以挑错题形式进行测试,因此这里就不进行举例了。后面挑错题的答题技巧中会有详细说明和例句。
(三)形容词
考试重点:
常用的形容词和副词的含义;形容词、副词和名词遇在一起时的位置;such…that和so…that 的用法。
一、常用的形容词的含义
1、This is a very _____ situation and we don’t know how to face it yet.
A comprehensive B. compound C. complicated D. competent (答案为 C。四个形容词的意思分别为complicated:复杂的。comprehensive :综合的,理解的。compound:混合的,复合的。competent :能力强的。本句的意思是“这是一个非常复杂的形势,我们还不知道如何面对。”因此只有C最符合题意。)(2001年26题)
2、One car went too fast and _____ missed hitting another car.
A. completely B. greatly C. narrowly D. little (答案为C。四个副词的意思分别是:completely:完全地。greatly:非常,很:narrowly :以毫厘之差 little:小的,少的。因此只有C最符合题意。)(1998年35题)
二、形容词、副词和名词遇在一起时的位置
例:My next door nei**or Johnson seems to have _____ opinion on the show last night.
A.rather the strong B. rather strong C. a rather strong D. the rather strong
(答案为C。)(2000年60题)
三、such…that和 so …that 的用法
1、They are _____ students that they all performed well in the nationwide examinations.
A. so diligent B. such diligent C. so much diligent D. such very diligent (答案为B。such 修饰名词)(2002年43题)
2、He was _____ an honest man that everybody trusted him.
A. so B. as C. such D. very (答案为C。)
3、He was _____ fat that he couldn’t get through the door.
A. so B. how C. such D. much (答案为A。)(how 修饰形容词fat。)
(四)介词和连词
考试重点:引导各种从句的常用连词的基本含义和用法、关系代词和关系副词以及介词+关系代词的用法、注意根据句子之间的逻辑关系以及从句的类型选择连词。
一、引导各种从句的常用连词的基本含义和用法
1、Written applications should be sent to us in case _____ some problems with the electric version.
A. there will beB. there is C. there be D. there was
(答案为C。in case 引导的从句要用虚拟语气, should可以省略。)(2002年59题)
2、Young _____ he is, he knows what is the right thing to do.
A. that B. as C. although D. however
(答案为B。as 引导让步状语从句, 句子到装, 表语提前。)(2000年44题)
二、关系代词和关系副词以及介词+关系代词的用法:
1、I will never forget the ten years _____ we both spent in the little village.
A. whenB. during which C. which D. in which
(答案为C。 which关系代词, 在定语从句中做动词spend的宾语。)(2002年42题)
2、Before joining the army, he spent a lot of time in the village _____ he belonged.
A. to which B. which C. to where D. which (答案为A。因为句中的短语应当是belong to ,关系代词which 做介词to的宾语)(2001年31题)。
三、注意根据句子之间的逻辑关系以及从句的类型选择连词:
1、It is because she is very devoted to her students _____ she is respected by them.
A. that B. which C. what D. who(答案为A。 因为是强调句型, 因此用that)(2001年33题)
2、_____ was unimportant.
A. Whether he enjoyed our dinner or not B. No matter how he enjoyed our dinner
C. If he enjoyed our dinner D. what he enjoyed our dinner (答案为A。 主语从句。)(2000年40题)??
(五)动词
考试重点:特殊动词的含义和用法、短语动词。
一、特殊动词的含义和用法
1、Words _____ meaning, as we all know.
A. convince B. convey C. contribute D. Conquer
(答案为B。四个动词的意思分别是convey:表达,传递。本句的意思是“众所周知,语言表达思想。”只有B最合适。convince:使确信;contribute: 做贡献;conquer:征服。)(2001年36题)
2、Nobody but a young woman _____ the airplane crash.
A. endured B. rejected C. survived D. lived (答案为C。survive:从…中逃生,经历…后继续存在,是及物动词。Only two people survived the fire. 这场大火中只有两个人幸免于死。The crops survived the drought.经过这次旱灾,庄稼还是活了下来。本句的意思是:“此飞机失事中,只有一个年轻妇女幸免遇难。”只有C的意思是正确的。endure:忍耐,容忍。reject:拒绝。Live:居住,生活。)(2002年36题)
二、短语动词
短语动词的测试在词汇试题中一直占很大比例,平均每年试题中至少有6-9个左右。这类题目主要有两种。一种是同一个动词与不同的小品词构成的短语,另一种是不同动词与同一个小品词构成的短语。
1、After saying that, he _____ the door quickly.
A. made up B. make for C. made out D. made (答案为B。make for:(尤指匆匆地)走向, 朝…前进。It’s late; we’d better make for home.时间不早了,我们最好赶快家。因此B 最符合题意。make up: 弥补,补偿。make up a loss 补偿损失;make up the money (to the right amount)补足钱款。make out:理解, 弄清楚。I can never make out what he wants.我怎么也弄不懂他要什么。)(2001年59题)
2、The young man promised to his parents, “I would never _____ again.”
A. let you down B. let you out C. let you in D. let you by (答案为A。let down: 使某人失望。本句的意思是:这个年轻人向他的父母承诺:我决不会使你们失望。因此只有A 最符合题意。let out :放走, 释放。Who let the air out of my tyres?谁放了我轮胎的气?let in 允许进入。He let them in by a side door.他让他们从边门进入。let by 没有这个用法。)(2001年60题。)
3、I promised to look _____ the matter as soon as I got there.
A. for B. in C. into D. after (答案为C。“look into ”的意思是“调查”,本句的意思是“我保证一到那就调查这件事情”。“look for”寻找。Will you help me look for my gloves? 你能帮我寻找我的手套吗?look in: 朝里面看。I looked in my purse and discovered I’d only got a five-pound note.我朝钱包里一看,发现只有一张五英镑的钞票。 look after: 照顾、照看。 He has looked after his elderly parents for many years. 他照料年迈的父母已经多年了。)(2002年23题)
4、William has cut his smoking _____ to five cigarettes a day.
A. down B. in C. off D. out (答案为A。cut down :削减,减少。We must cut our expenses down somehow.我们得设法减少开支。A最符合题意。cut in:插嘴,打断。Don’t cut in when other people are talking.别人讲话时不要插嘴。cut off:使分离,使隔离。He was cut off from all his friends when he studied abroad. 他在出国留学期间跟所有的朋友中断了联系。cut out:切去,割去。The doctor cut out his tonsils.医生割除了他的扁桃体。)(2002年38题)?
(六)固定搭配
固定搭配通常由两个或两个以上的词组成,不能任意拆开,其意义常常不是单词意义的简单组合,而具有新的意义。
1、A great celebration is going to be held _____ the distinguished writer。
A. in spite of B. in honor of C. in favor of D. in the name of (答案是B。 in spite of 意为“不管,不顾……”,in honor of 意为“为向……表示敬意”,in favor of 意为“赞同……,支持……”,in the name of 意为“以……的名义,代表……”。根据题义,只有B是正确答案)。(2000年48题)
2、_____, we keep records on all the experiments so that we may have enough data.
A. As a whole B. As a rule C. On the average D. By all means (答案为B。 as a (general ) rule :通常,一般来说。B最符合题意。又如:As a rule, he doesn’t go to the office on Saturdays.星期六他通常不去办公室。as a whole: 作为一个整体,整体来看:The temperature for the country as a whole is relatively high.这个国家的气温总的来说是较高的。on (an 或the) average: 按平均值, 通常 On (the 或an ) average I work ten hours a day. 我平均每天工作10小时。by all means:尽一切办法,务必。By all means, I must visit my sick friend.我一定得去探望我那生病的朋友。)(2002年35题)
(七)词汇题的题解技巧
?词汇试题的正确选择在很大程度上取决于考生词汇量的大小,以及运用词汇能力的强弱。但是了解一些解题技巧也会对考试有一定的帮助。下面简单介绍几种词汇测试题中常见的应试技巧。
一、利用表示增加与递进关系的词
这样的词包括:and, again, also, too, besides, moreover, furthermore, but, in addition to等。
例:The house is very _____, and furthermore, it’s too far from the town.
A. neat B. spacious C. expensive D. fashionable (分析四个选项,我们可以看到选项中的所有单词都可以用来修饰句子的主语——房子。句子中间表示递进关系的furthermore在帮助我们判断时非常关键。它后面所跟的是描述房子离城太远,这是房子的缺点。根据逻辑推理,它前面的分句说明的也一定是缺点。因此选项中的A、B、D都不对,因为它们都是在说明房子的优点,故而答案只能是C,若题句中的and furthermore改成but ,那么选项就要改变了)。
二、利用表示比较与对比关系的词。
这样的词包括:but, however, although, in contrast, instead of 等。
例:A lamp is concrete and you can touch it, but its brightness is _____.
A. academic B. abstract C. absurd D. absolute (句子中表示对比关系的连接词是but,从这一信号词中我们可以推断句子前后两部分所阐述的内容正好是相对的,与concrete 相对的是 abstract,因此B是本题答案。)
三、利用表示因果关系的词。
这样的词包括:because , as a result, thus ,consequently, therefore等。
例:He is a very _____ person because he has done a lot of good things for the local people.
A. respectable B. respectful C. respective D. respecting (本句后半部分是由because引导的原因状语从句,意思是“他为当地人做了许多好事”,从这一原因中,我们自然能推断出他应该受到别人对他的尊敬。表示“被人尊敬的,值得尊敬的”应当是A。)
四、利用表示让步关系的词。
这类词包括:if ,although ,in spite of ,while ,whereas 等。
例:Although Asian countries are generally more _____ in social customs than Western countries,there have been several notable examples of women leaders in both China and India.
A. consistent B. comprehensive C. confidential D. conservative
(本句although引导的是让步状语从句,因此可以推断主句中的事实与前面所出现的有关亚洲国家的特点正相反。与后半句中所阐述的“中国和印度都有一些著名的妇女**”这一事实相反的亚洲国家的特点应当是“在社会习俗方面比西方国家要保守”。因此选项中的D是正确答案。)
五、根据词法常识判断选择:
有些词汇测试题,从词的意义去考虑,填入多个选择项都可以。在这种情况下,如果借肋语法对题目进行分析,往往可以找到正确答案。
例:Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to _____ healthy.
A. preserve B. stay C. maintain D. reserve (从四个选项动词的词义来看,哪个都行。但动词后面直接跟形容词作表语的只有stay,其它三个动词都是及物动词,后面应当接宾语。因此答案是B。)
六、排除法:
在做词汇题时,常会遇到一时难以判断哪一个是正确答案的情况。这时不妨从不符合题义的选项着手,将非正确答案逐一排除,剩下的多半就是正确答案。此方法同样适用阅读理解,语法及完形填空部分的试题,在此不再一一举例。?
二、语法出题的形式与重点难点
(一)时态
从历年考试的语法结构部分的试题来看,重点主要涵盖以下语法点:动词的时态、语态, 情态动词,虚拟语气,非谓语动词及各种从句。下面分别进行讲解。
从历年的试题来看,动词时态都占有一定比例。因此掌握好时态的用法对考生来说十分重要。除掌握常用时态的一般用法以外,某些时态的特殊用法及某些特定句型中时态的用法要特别引起我们的注意。
一、考试重点:
1、一般现在时可以代替将来时,用于时间和条件状语从句中。
(1)Return the book immediately to the library as soon as you _____with it.
A. finish B. are finished C. have finished D. are finishing (答案:A。94年51题)
(2)Please be sure to telephone me the next time you _____.
A. will come B would come C. shall come D. come (答案:D。93年49题)
2、在“This is the first time…”结构中,后面的从句用现在完成时。句子开头也可以用it代替this
例:This is the first time that I have met Jane.
3、在“It/This is +形容词最高级+名词后面的从句中,用现在完成时。”
例:This is one of the best books _____ on the subject.
A. that have ever been written B. which have ever been written
C. that has ever been written D. whatever have been written (答案为A。)(2000年45题)
4、在“It is/has been +时间段+since…后边用过去时。”
例:It has been twenty years since I left my hometown.
5、在“no sooner…than”和“hardly… when…”结构中,主句部分用过去完成时,从句部分用过去时。
(1)I had no sooner returned than he called.
(2)We had hardly begun when we were told to stop.
6、在“It is (high) time后边的从句中用过去时。”
例:It is time that we had a rest.
二、解题技巧:
1、注意寻找题中所包含的时间状语,从中判断出正确时态的使用。
例:I suppose that when I come back in ten year’s time all these old houses _____ pulled down.
A. would have been B. would be C. will be D. will have been
(此句中,when引出的时间状语表示将来的时间,应用将来时态的动词形式。因此可以排除A和B项。那么是用一般将来时还是将来完成时呢?根据本句的意思,说话人想要表达的是十年后回来已经发生的情况,因此应当选择D。)
2、当题句中没有明显的时间状语时,应注意句子中已出现的时态,以此作为参照物。
例:Neither of the young men who had applied for a position in the university _____.
A. has been accepted B. have been accepted C. was accepted D. were accepted
(读完句子我们发现定语从句中使用的是过去完成时,显然这主句要表达的是从句动作之后的动作,应当用过去时态。因此答案是C。)?
(二)语态
英语中的语态有主动和被动之分。测试的重点是被动语态。下面是考生在复习被动语态时需特别注意的几个问题。
一、在主动语态中,感观动词如see,watch,observe,notice,listen to,hear,feel以及使役动词如make ,have ,let后如果接不定式作其宾语,应接不带to的不定式。
1、We saw him cross the street.
2、He was seen to cross the street.(此类句子主动变成被动时,应当恢复不定式符号to。)
二、动词短语的处理
动词短语应作为一个及物动词看待。主动变被动时,动词短语不管是两个词还是三个词
都不能分家。例:
They have sent for the doctor.
The doctor has been sent for.
需要说明的是,并不是所有的动词短语都能变成被动语态。
三、带情态动词的被动语态
例:Bad things sometimes can be turned into good ones.
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(三)情态动词?
一、情态动词后接完成时的用法
情态动词用来表示能力、允许、许诺、可能、必须、劝告、意愿等概念或态度。情态动词无人称变化,在句子中和动词原形一起组成谓语。只有ought后面接to do。
二、must +现在完成时结构
这一结构表示对过去一个动作比较有把握的猜测。
例:I believe he _____ an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time.
A. would have had B. could have had C. should have had D. must have had
(答案为D。)(2001年58题)
三、should (ought to )have done用来表示本来应该做却没有做的事情。
例:I’m sorry I couldn’t get in touch with him before he left, I _____ him earlier.
A. had a telephone B. have phoned C. should have phoned D. should be phoned
(答案是C。中文意思是“我很抱歉我没能在他走之前和他联系上,我本应早点儿给他打电话的。”)(2000年26题)
掌握情态动词的基本意义及用法是解题的关键。除此之外,还要根据上下文提供的信息做出正确的选择。同时还要考虑情态动词后面的动词所表示的动作是否是现在正在发生,或者过去已经发生,过去该发生而没有发生的动作,以便选准答案。
(四)虚拟语气
虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊形式,用来表达说话人的愿望、请求、意图、建议、惊奇、设想等。虚拟语气在各种结构中的运用是历年三级统考必考的内容,考生必须熟练掌握。以下从五个方面介绍。
一、虚拟条件句中虚拟语气的运用:
虚拟条件句从时间上又分为与现在事实相反,与过去事实相反,与将来事实可能相反三种情况。表示与现在事实相反的,if从句用过去式,主句用would(或could ,should ,might)加原形动词。与过去事实相反的,if从句用过去完成时,主句用would(或could ,should ,might)+have done结构。与将来事实可能相反的,if 从句用should (或were to )加动词原形,主句用would加动词原形。
1、If a better material _____, the strength of the part would have been increased.
A. had been used B. had been using C. being used D. using (根据前面的讲解,正确答案为A。) (1992年58题)
2、Had the weather been good, the children _____ out for a walk.
A. had gone B. could have gone C. would go D. went (答案:B。与过去的事实相反。当if从句中含有were, had, should这三个词时,if可以省略,主谓倒装。)(2001年57题)
二、某些动词后的宾语从句以及某些名词后的表语或同位语从句中虚拟语气的运用,这些动词或名词包括:
suggest (suggestion),propose(proposal),advise (advice)demand, insist, order, request, require, recommend, desire, ask, decide等。在这些从句中,谓语形式为should加动词原形,should可以省略。
例:The general’s command was that the soldiers _____ their fort and carry out more important task.
A. would leave B. leave C. left D. have left (答案:B) (2002年49题)
三、在It is desired (或desirable), It is important等结构后面的主语从句中,动词用原形或should+原形动词。这些结构有:“It is suggested”, “It is requested”,“It was ordered”, “It is necessary”, “It is essential”, “It is vital”, “It is urgent”,“ It is impossible”, “It is preferable”, “It is advisable”, “It was proposed”等。
例:It’s desired that she _____ to teach us at least twice a week.
A. comes B. will com C. come D. may come (答案:C)(1997年29题)
四、would rather, as if/though 以及wish后边that从句中虚拟语气的运用。
1、I am too busy these days. I would rather all of you _____ next month for a dinner.
A. come B. would come C. came D. have come (答案:C。would rather 后面的从句中,动词用过去式。)(2002年46题)
2、He talks as if he _____ everything in the world.
A. knows B. knew C. had known D. would have know (正确答案为B。在as if/though后边的方式状语从句中,表示与现在事实相反或对现在的情况有所怀疑,动词用过去式;如果表示的是想象中的过去的动作,用过去完成时。本句表示对现在的情况有所怀疑。)(1998年45题)
3、You look as if you had seen a ghost.
(此句中as if 后边是说话人想象中的动作,所以用过去完成时。)
4、I wish I knew his address.
(在wish后边的从句中,如果指现在或将来的愿望,动词用过去式。这句话告诉我们说话人并不知道他的地址。)
5、Peter wishes that he _____ law instead of literature when he was in college。
A. could study B. studied C. had studied D. would study
(答案为C。表示过去没有实现的愿望,动词用过去完成时。)(2000年32题)
五、在It is (high) time后边的that从句中,动词用过去式,表示该做某事了。
例:Don’t you think it is time you _____ smoking?
A. give up B. gave up C. would give up D. should give up (答案为B。)(1999年31题)
(五)动词的非谓语动词
动词非谓语形式包括不定式,动名词和分词,它们在句子中不能充当谓语,可以分别充当主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。虽然非谓语形式不能充当谓语,但它们仍然保留了动词的某些特征,比如说它们可以有自己的宾语,补足语或状语以及自己的逻辑主语,能成为句子的***成分。
动词非谓语形式有一般、进行和完成三种形式以及相应的主动与被动形式。在解答有关动词非谓语形式的试题时,应特别注意以下几点:
一、英语中有些动词后跟不定式作宾语,有些动词后面则接动名词作宾语,还有一些动词的后边既可以接不定式,也可以接动名词,有时意义不变,但有时却在意义上大不相同,所以必须牢记有关非谓语形式的基本知识。
1、We shall appreciate _____ from you soon.
A. being heard B. hearing C. to hear D. having been heard
(答案:B。appreciate 这个词后面只能接动名词,且应该是其一般式。)(1998年42题)
2、The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager of the company.
A. have told B. be told C. being D. having told
(短语动词confess to 中的to是介词,不是动词不定式符号,因此选项A和B可以排除。选项C是动名词的被动式,而动名词后边已经有了宾语a lie ,因此动名词不能是被动式,因此正确答案是D。用完成形式的动名词表示这个动作在主要动词之前已经发生。)
3、We all feel sorry for _____ for so long after your arrival.
A. keep you waiting B. having kept you waiting C. waiting for you D. keep you wait
(答案:B。)(2002 年56题)
二、非谓语动词作宾语补充语时,要弄清哪些动词后面可以跟不定式作宾补,哪些动词后面可以跟分词作宾补。
1、Mr. and Mrs. Smith didn’t expect the house _____ so well.
A. to be decorated B. to decorate C. be decorated D. decorating (decorate是及物动词,因此可以排除B和D,C项缺了不定式的符号to,因此正确答案为A。)(1995年22题)
2、There was so much noise that the speaker couldn’t make himself _____.
A. hearing B. being heard C. to hear D. heard (hear 在本句中 是及物动词,据此可以排除A和C,B项选择形式不对,因此D是正确答案。)(1994年45题)
3、The manager has his employees _____ a business report every week.
A. to write B. written C. writing D. write
(答案:D。have 和 get 后面接宾补时,要用过去分词或无to 不定式。)(2002年58题)
4、we are going to have our office _____ to make room for a new engineer.
A. to rearrange B. rearrange C. rearranged D. rearranging (答案:C。)(2002年50题)
三、非谓语动词作状语时,尤其是分词作状语时,要注意分词的逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致。
例:Arriving at the bus stop, _____waiting there.
A. he found a lot of people B. a lot of people were C. he found a lot of people’s D. people were found (根据上面所述,可以首先排除B和D,C项中的people’s结构不对,正确答案只能是A。)(1996年37题)
四、掌握好非谓语动词形式时态和语态的正确使用。
如果非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主要谓语动词所表示的动作之后或同时,用一般式,如果非谓语动词表示的动作在主要谓语动词所表示的动作之前,则用完成式。非谓语动词的逻辑主语是动作的发出者还是接受者决定了应当用主动式还是被动式。
例:The famous novel is said _____ into Chinese.
A. to have translated B. to be translate C. to have been translated D. to translate
(答案:C。)(2000年22题)
(六)各种从句
三级统考中涉及到的从句主要有四种,分别是定语从句、状语从句(特别是让步状语从句),宾语从句和主语从句。下面分别给同学们提示一些需要注意的问题。
一、定语从句
定语从句又分限制性和非限制性定语从句,每种通常各出现一次。考生要特别注意非限制定语从句的用法。从形式上看,限制性定语从句由who ,whom ,whose ,which ,what 等关系代词或when ,why, where等关系副词引导,不用逗号把主句和从句分开。而非限制性定语从句中不会出现that,而且要用逗号把主句和从句分开。
1、An old friend from abroad, _____ I was expecting to stay with,telephoned me from the airport .
A. that B. whom C. who D .Which (这是一个非限制性定语从句,正确答案是B,因为此处的whom 是stay with 的逻辑宾语。)(2000年31题)
2、The United States is composed of fifty states, two of _____ are separated from the others by land or water.
A. them B. That C. which D. those (正确答案为C。在非限制性定语从句中,关系代词前面可能会有介词,在介词前面还可能有其它限定词,这就更复杂一些,需特别注意。)(2003年46题)
二、状语从句:
状语从句有很多种,但就北京市三级统考而言,前几年主要考的是时间状语从句,近几年考的是让步状语从句。让步状语从句主要由以下一些词或词组引导:
though ,although ,even if ,even though ,whether… or… ,no matter wh-(或how) ,whatever (whoever ,whichever等)
1、_____,you must show your ticket to go into the cinema.
A. No matter whomever you are B. Whomever you are C. Whoever you are D. No matter who are you (C是正确答案, whoever=no matter who。)(1997年59题)
2、Young _____he is, he knows what is a right thing to do.
A. that B. as C. although D. however (正确答案是B。as 也可以引导让步状语从句,但通常把被强调的形容词或副词等放在句首。)(2000年44题)
三、宾语从句:
宾语从句比较简单,它在主从复合句中充当宾语成份,通常可以由that,if, whether 及what 引导。使用宾语从句时应注意的是,有时可以设it为形式宾语,真宾语是后边的从句。
例:I always take it for granted that I am far more intelligent than he is.
(句子的it指代的是后边that从句的内容。)
四、主语从句:
主语从句在主从复合句中充当主语,可以引导主语从句的词有what, that 以及who ,why ,where ,when 等连接代词或连接副词。为避免头重脚轻,特别是在口语中,通常设it 为形式主语,与下边这些结构连用:
It is a pity that
It is an honor that
It is a shame that
It is a good thing that …
It is a fact that
It is a surprise that
以及
It is strange that
It is surprising that
It is true that
It is fortunate that …
It is necessary that
It is possible(impossible) that …
1、It is desirable that he _____.
A. give up trying B. give up trying C. would give up trying D. is going to give up trying (答案:B。本句也是一种虚拟语气句。) (2000年43题)
2、_____ I saw was two men crossing the street.
A. What B. Whom C. Who D. That (答案:A。)(2001年38题)
在复习语法的过程中,除了以上讲到的这些内容,考生还应留意倒装句结构及附加疑问句的句子结构,因为这两点在近几年的考试中也曾经出现过,虽然占分不多,但也需认真掌握。??
第三节 挑错部分
挑错部分由10个单句组成,每个句子中有四个划线部分,其中有一个划线部分含有词汇或语法方面的错误,考生对错误挑出即可,不用改正,这一部分实际上是词语用法和语法结构部分的延伸,目的是测试学生掌握词汇、短语及语法结构的熟练程度, 重点固定搭配和句型。考试范围与第二部分相同。和其它三种题型相比较,它和词汇和语法结构部分一样,是相对比较简单的部分,考生应当在这一部分多得一些分数。常见错误类型分析:
一、用词错误
(一)固定搭配的错误
英语中固定搭配主要包括动词、形容词、名词同介词的搭配以及许多惯用法等。
(答案为A。neither…nor…既不…也不…,是固定搭配。)(2002年62题)
(答案为D。be forced to do sth:被迫做…,要接不定式。因此应改为to give up。)(2002年64题)
(二)代词、替代词的错误
(答案为C。应改为our, 代指前面的those of us。)(2000年70题)
(答案为D。 应改为his,名词性的物住代词。)(2001年63题)
(三)连接词的错误
(答案为C。 应改为:what。what 引导宾语从句在句中做介词about 的宾语。)
(2002年65题)
(答案为B。应改为: two of which。非限定性定语从句,which在从句中指fifty states。)(2000年62题)
二、语法错误
句型与语法结构方面的错误是另一类常见错误。主要体现在以下几个方面:
(一)主谓一致方面的问题,主要表现为数的不一致。
(答案为B。a good pair of glasses做主语, 动词要用单数。因此应改为was。)(2001年69题)
(答案为C。应改为is。news 形式上是复数, 意思上是单数。)(2000年63题)
(二)语态和时态方面的问题
(答案为D。应改为:to be solved。因为solve 和他它的逻辑主语之间是动宾关系。再如:Nothing is allowed to be taken out of the building.任何东西都不能拿出这坐大楼。)
(2002年63题)
(答案为C。应改为 have had difficulty 。因为ever since 引导句子的时候,从句用过去时,主句要用现在完成时)(2001年62题)
(三)平行结构的错误
(答案为C。应改为:enjoy。因为enjoy 和return 并列,都跟在had better 后面,要用动词的原形)。(2001年70题)
(答案为C。应改为slammed, 因为句中, went out 和slammed 并列。)(2001年65题)
(四)倒装方面的错误
(答案为B, 应改为shall we。1996年68题)
(五)虚拟语气方面的错误
(此句中C是错的,虚拟语气在这里的正确用法应当是go或者should go。)(1999年68题)
(六)肯定与否定的某些不定代词的用法
(此句中C是错的。现在的双重否定变成肯定了。前半句还在夸历史学教授知识渊博,到了后半句突然变得不学无术了。nothing应改成anything。)(1998年69题)
第四节 完形填空
按三级考试大纲的要求,完形填空部分在一篇题材熟悉、难度适中的短文中留有20个空白。每个空白为一题,每个题有四个选择项。要求考生在全面理解内容的基础上选择一个最佳答案使文章恢复完整。这一部分每题0.5分。这一部分想谈两个问题,一个是应试技巧一个是实例分析。
一、应试技巧
考生在解题时,不要急于选择填空。应先把短文迅速浏览一遍,以便了解文章的大致内容,找出主题,展开思维。这样可以避免只抓一词一句而不看全局的片面性、盲目性。
通读之后,考生可以根据短文内容、情节,结合语法知识、词汇、习惯搭配以及逻辑推理进行逐一选择。必须注意的是,完形填空是建立在语篇基础之上的,上下文有着密切的联系,可能上文的空白与下文有牵连,或者下面的空白就是上文中的某个词或词组,因此,遇到某一选择有困难时,要往前看看上文,或往后看看下文。这就要求我们在解题时要善于从文章的字里行间寻找信息,抓住线索,注意前后呼应。
做完试题后,应把短文再通读一遍,检查每个空白在语法、语意方面是否恰当,全文是否前后贯通。
解题技巧是在解题实践中逐渐形成的。除必须掌握解题的一般规律外,还要经过若干篇完形填空的练习,才能对该题型的特点与解题方法有更直接的体会。
二、实例分析
下面我们拿2002年试卷中的完形填空题做实例分析。
Can you imagine how you would feel if you fell dangerously ill and could not reach or call a doctor? Millions of people 71 the world are in this unfortunate 72 , living in distant places 73 there are no railways, no proper roads and no telephones. Thousands of 74 are lost every year 75 could have been saved if medical attention 76 in time.
??77today help could be brought quickly and easily 78 many of these people 79 full advantage was taken 80 the aero-plane. 81 country has proved this 82 than Australia. The Australians 83 greater use of the aero-plane than any 84 people in the world. In no other country 85 the total number of miles flown by the 86 person so high. In fact, it has been 87 that Australians jump into planes 88 people in other countries jump into trains and buses. It is not surprising, 89 , that Australia should have been the first country 90 a Flying Doctor Service.
71. A. on B. through C. all over D. within
72. A. society B. world C. way D. position
73. A. where B. because C. although D. which
74.A. people B. children C. families D. lives
75.A. when B. in which C. which D. they
76.A. had been provided B. had been paid more C. was given D. was provided
77.A. Even B. But C. Finally D. So
78.A. from B. with C. in D. to
79.A. but B. if only C. and D. unless
80. A. of B. from C. about D. on
81. A. One B. Any C. Not D. No
82. A. better B. worse C. more D. less
83. A. made B. did C. were making D. make
84. A. of B. else C. other D. Japanese
85. A. of B. in C. are D. is
86. A. living B. average C. brave D. medical
87. A. suggested B. estimated C. worked out D. said
88. A. when B. while C. as D. but
89. A. therefore B. in a way C. perhaps D. accordingly
90. A. of B. to develop C. made up D. into
71答案:C。all over the world:在世界上,固定搭配。
72答案:D。成千上万的人都在这不幸的处境中,position ;处境,状况。That is difficult for a person in my position.那样做对于处在我这种地位的人来说是困难的。We are in a position where we may lose a large sum of money.我们目前的处境使我们可能损失一大笔钱。因此只有D的意思最合适。
73答案:A。where在定语从句中做状语。
74答案:D。从上下文的意思看是“成千上万的人的生命”。
75答案:C。从语法结构看,这里需要一个定语从句。which 在从句中做主语。
76答案:A。attention 此处的意思是“考虑,关心,照料”,不是“注意,专心”的意思,因此不用短语:pay attention to 或give attention to。而且此句是虚拟语气,表示和过去的事实相反,因此选A。
77答案:B。从上下文的意思来看,是转折的意思,因此用but。
78答案:D。本句的意思是“如果我们能充分利用飞机的优势的话,这种医疗援助就能更快、更容易带给这些人。”因此用介词to ,表示给予。
79答案:B。根据上下文的意思,only if:只有。符合逻辑关系。
80答案:A。take full advantage of :充分利用。
81答案:D。根据句子的意思,要在名词country的前面加否定词。 not 一般放在助动词的后面,no 一般放在名词的前面表示否定。
82答案:A。“没有一个国家在这方面比澳大利亚做的更好。”其余的意思均不正确。
83答案:D。make use of ;充分利用。叙述一般的事实:“澳大利亚人比世界上任何国家的人都能充分利用飞机。”因此用一般现在时。
84答案:C。than any other people in the world:表示比世界上其余的任何人。比较级+than +any other+单数名词: 表示“比其他的任何…都…”This watch is more expensive than any other watch in the shop.他在班里,比任何一个别的学生都好。This watch is more expensive than any other watch in the shop.在这个店里,这只表比其他任何一个别的表都贵。
85答案:D。主语为表示距离、时间、长度、价值、金额、重量等名词复数时,谓语动词用单数。3 kilometers is not very far. 三公里不算远。Two hours is enough.两个小时足够了。
86答案:B。根据上下表示的意思是average person。本句为倒装句。
87答案:D。it has been said :据说。本句的意思是:“据说澳大利亚人上飞机就像其他国家的人坐火车和公共汽车一样。”
88答案:C。as:如同…引导方式状语从句。She speaks English as the Englishmen do.她说起英语来就像英国人说英语一样。
89答案:A。therefore, 连词,表示结果。
90答案:B。develop:开发,发展。“因此澳大利亚率先实行空中医生服务,是不会让人吃惊的。”
第五节 英汉互译
一、英译汉
??翻译部分是新增加的题型。放在试卷的最后,共有10个小题,考试时间30分钟。翻译试题由两部分组成。第一部分为英译汉,要求考生把阅读理解文章中划线的五个句子译成中文。第二部分为汉译英,要求考生把五个难度适中的中文句子译成英文。英译汉和汉译英的句子难度均低于课文的英语文章。评分标准要求译文达意,无重大语言错误。翻译部分的目的是测试学生词汇、语法、句型方面综合运用语言的能力。
这一部分谈两个问题:一是应试技巧;二是实例分析。
一、应试技巧
英译汉是运用汉语把英语所表达的思想准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。在英译汉的过程中,有两点值得我们特别地注意:
1、汉语所要表达的是英语原文的内容,即句子或文章的意义,而不是句子结构;
2、在翻译过程中,英语原文的内容要准确而完整地重新表达出来,而不是将两种语言结构进行简单的转换。
英译汉的过程包括理解,分析句架表达和校核三个阶段,因此,在英译汉的过程中,往往需要考生从英语到汉语,再从汉语到英语反复的推敲。
(一)理解
理解阶段的目的在于读懂英语原文, 弄清原文的意思。为了透彻理解原文, 建议考生在复习和应试时采取下列步骤:
1、通读全文。通读全文的目的在于从整体上把握整篇文章的内容,理解划线的部分与文章其他部分之间的语法与逻辑关系。在段落中要搞清划线的句子和其他句子之间的关系,因为孤立地阅读划线部分的英语,往往无法理解该部分的真正含义。一篇好的文章,其前后的意思都互相关联,具有很强的逻辑性,一个单词或句子只有在具体的上下文中才能体现出确切的含义来,因此,上下文能帮助我们正确的理解划线的部分, 通读全文是很重要的。但是,在通读全文的过程中应该注意,对非划线的部分不要花费时间过多,对于其中一些不太容易理解的内容也不必太在意,只是搞清大体意义即可。因为通读全文的目的在于帮助自己理解划线的部分,只要能把该部分理解透彻也就足够了。
2、分析划线部分的句子结构。从一般的翻译试题来看,划线的部分一般来说结构句子都比较复杂。复杂的句子如果不搞清楚它的语法结构,很难达到正确完整地理解原文的要求。因此正确地把握句子的结构是进行正确地翻译的关键。
3、理解分析划线部分的含义。考生不仅要弄清句子中所有实词和虚词的词汇意义, 还要理解全句的整体意义。理解句子的依据除了句子本身之外,还有该句子所处的具体的语言环境。在此阶段应清楚下列问题:
(1)句子中是否含有代词和其他具有指代意义的词,如果有,应根据上下文确定它们指代的内容是什么;
(2)句子中的短语和一些常用的词往往具有多种含义和用法,那么,在该句中它们的具体含义是什么;
(3)按照你的理解, 该部分的意义是否与全篇文章的内容一致, 有无相互矛盾。
总之,在动手翻译之前,首先要读懂原文,不要一上来就急于动手翻译,这样做往往会出现一种情况:该题快要翻译完了,猛然又发现自己理解有误,马上就急忙修改,搞的卷面上一塌糊涂,而且很容易忙中出错, 把本应拿到的分数丢掉了,这是非常令人可惜的。
(二)表达
表达就是译者把自己从英语原文理解的内容用汉语表达出来,理解是表达的基础,表达是理解的结果,但是理解正确并不意味着一定会有正确的表达,平时做翻译练习时有同学反应,有时对原文理解之后还不知如何用汉语表达,就充分说明了这一点。这里介绍两种基本的翻译方法:直译和意译。
1、直译。所谓直译,就是在译文语言条件许可时,在译文中既保持原文的内容,又保持原文的形式。在汉语和英语两种语言中存在着许多共同之处,在对于许多英语句子的翻译过程中,完全可以采取直译的方法,这样可以获得一举两得之功效, 既保持了原文的结构,又正确表达了原文的内容。但是直译不是死译和硬译,象“It is asserted that…;It is believed that…”这一类的结构, 如果直译过来那就不伦不类了。
2、意译。汉语和英语分别属于不同的语系,两者在词汇、句法结构和表达方法上具有很多的差异。当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不易采用直译的方法处理时, 就应采用意译法,意译就是不拘泥于原文的形式,重点在于正确表达原文的内容。例如:“Do you see any green in my eye?”象这样的句子,只能采取意译的方法,把它翻译为“你以为我是好欺骗的吗?”当然,意译并不等于乱译,胡乱地翻译是不符合“忠实”的翻译标准的。
在具体的翻译过程中,我们应该采取灵活的方法,不论是直译还是意译,只要是符合“忠实、通顺”的翻译原则,都是可取的。在翻译的过程中,我们务必注意以下几点:
A、理解透彻之后再动手表达, 否则表达的结果会令人莫名其妙;
B、切忌在翻译时把汉语和英语对号入座, 逐字逐句的对号入座的结果往往是不伦不类;
C、切忌擅自增减词意, 增减意义与翻译技巧中经常提到的增词法与减词法根本就不是一回事。
(三)校 核
校核阶段是理解与表达的进一步深化,是对原文内容进一步核实以及对译文语言进一步推敲的阶段,因此,校核是翻译过程中一个很重要的阶段,并不是可有可无的,通过表达之后的校核,我们可以发现译文的一些问题,确保自己理解的内容很有把握地得到分数。在校核阶段,一般应注意与下列各项有关的问题:(1)人名、地名、日期、方位和数字等;(2)汉语译文的词与句有无错漏;(3)修改译文中译错或表达不够准确的句子、词组或词汇;(4)有无错别字;(5)标点符号是否有误。
二:实例分析
The Olympic Games are the greatest festival of sports in the world. 1) Every four years, a hundred or more countries send their best sportsmen to compete for the highest honors in sport. As many as 6,000 people take part in over 20 sports. For the winners, there are gold medals and glory. But there is honor, too, for all who compete, win or lose. That is in spirit of the Olympics--- to take part is what matters.
The Olympic Games always start in a bright color and action. The teams of all the nations parade in the opening ceremony and march round the track. The custom is for the Greek team to march in first . For it was in Greece that the Olympics began. 2) The team of the country where the Games are being held---the host country ----marches in last. The runner with the Olympic torch then enters the stadium and lights the flame.3) A sportsman from the host country takes the Olympic oath on behalf of all the compe**s. The judges and officials also take an oath. After the sportsmen march out of the stadium, the host country puts on a wonderful display.
The compe**s begin the next day. There are usually more than twenty sports in the Games. The rule is that there must be at least fifteen. The main events are in track and field , but it is a few days before these sports start. Each day the compe**s take part in a different sport ---riding, shooting, swimming, and cross-country running. Points are gained for each event. 4) Medals are awarded for the individual winners and for national teams. 5) More and more women are taking part in the games. They first competed in 1900, in tennis and golf, which are no longer held in the Olympics. Women’s swimming events were introduced in 1912. But it was not until 1928 that there were any track and field events for women. Now they compete in all but half a dozen of the sports. In horse riding, shooting, and boat racing, they may compete in the same events as the men.
参考答案:
1)每隔四年,100多个国家选送他们最优秀的运动员云集于此,争夺世界体育比赛中的最高荣誉。(翻译的时候可以增加词汇,可以分成两部分进行表述。)
2)奥运会的承办国----东道国队的代表最后入场。(注意定语从句的翻译)
3)东道国的一名运动员代表全体参赛队员宣誓。(省译法,介词from省略。)
4)奖牌颁发给获胜的运动员和国家队。(注意语态的转换)
5)越来越多的女性正参加到奥运会的竞赛中来。(注意此句的进行时态)
6) Every land has its own dining custom, and the United States is no exception. Americans feel that the first rule of being a polite guest is to be on time. If a person is invited to dinner at 6;30,the hostess expects him to be there at 6:30 or not more than a few minutes after. Because she usually does her own cooking , she times the meal so that the coffee and meat will be at their best at the time she asks the guest to come. 7) If he is late, the food will not be so good, and the hostess will be disappointed. When the guest cannot come on time, he calls his host or hostess on the telephone, gives the reason, and tells at what time he thinks he can come.
As guests continue to arrive, the men in the group stand when a woman enters and remain standing until she has found a chair. A man always rises when he is being introduced to a woman. 8) A woman does not rise when she is being introduced either to a man or a woman unless the woman is much older. 9) When the guests sit down at a dinner table, it is customary for the men to help the ladies by pushing their chairs under them. Even an American may be confused by the number of knives, forks, and spoons beside his plate when he sits down to a formal dinner. The rule is simple, however: use them in the order in which they lie, beginning from the outside. Or watch the hostess and do what she does. 10)The small fork on the outside on the left is for salad, which is often served with the soup. The spoon on the outside at the right is for soup, and so on. Sometimes there is a separate little knife, called a butter spreader, on a small bread-and –butter plate at the left. As the bread is passed , each guest puts his piece on the bread-and butter plate.
6)每个国家都有自己的餐饮习俗,美国也不另外。(直译法)
7)如果你迟到了,食物就不会那么新鲜,女主人也会为此而感到失望。(增译法:增加词汇是在译文中增加一些原文中无其形而有其义的词,其目的是为了使译文的意义完整而明确,更符合汉语的表达习惯。本句增加了“为此”,使句子的意思更完整。)
8)而当一位女士被介绍给男士或女士时,她无需起立,除非那是一位比她年长的妇人。(英语状语从句用在主句后面的较多,而汉语的状语从句用在主句前的较多,因此,在许多情况下,应将状语从句放在主句前面;而且长句一般用分译法。)
9)当客人到餐桌旁准备就餐时,通常男士应帮助女士拉开椅子让她们坐下。(省译法:by没有译出。)
10)靠左边最外面的小叉是用来吃色拉的,色拉经常和汤一起上。(增译法,增加了“吃”,而且定语从句中被动语态翻译为主动语态。)
二、汉译英
一、翻译的基本方法:直译与意译
首先应当指出,直译不是死译,而是指基本保留原有句子结构,照字面意思翻译。例如:Our friends are all over the world是直译,而We have friends all over the world就是意译。直译以严格意义上的忠实为宗旨,意译则更多考虑英语的特点。总之,选择直译还是意译,应该根据文章具体需要而定,两种译法可以并用。
二、翻译的变通手段
翻译时不能简单地或机械地逐字照译,硬凑成英文,必须认真分析上下文,掌握词的确切含义,然后用适当的英文表达,必要时需要变换一些词,如“小记者”译成teenage reporter,“紧急报告”译成SOS,“深感忧虑”译成deeply concerned等,都是采用了变通手段。
1、词类转换
词类转换是翻译中常见的手段,通过词类的转换可以突破原文的句式,引起句法的转换,如“近来,研究人员发现感冒可以通过人的手传染”可译为Recent research discoveries indicate that flu can be spread by hand contacts.原文中的“发现”是动词,而译文根据上下文的需要,灵活地把动词转换成名词discoveries。
2、增词、减词
译文的增词、减词都是为了更确切、更忠实地表达原文的含义和精神。译文中添加一些原文没有的词句,表面上看似不忠实,但仔细分析就会发现这些增加的词句所表达的意思并非无中生有,而是隐含在原文中的。减词是在不影响原意的情况下省略无关紧要的词语,避免拖泥带水。如“感冒可以通过人的手传染”可以译为flu can be spread by hand contacts,其中的contacts就是根据译文需要添加上的。而“百姓出现做饭点灯难现象”中的“现象”一词可以省略,只译成people do not even have matches to light their stoves就足以表达原文中的信息。
三、汉英译的基本程序
做汉译英时一般应经过以下步骤:
1、理解句子的意思。
2、根据意思选择句子结构,搭起基本框架;选择适当的词汇和表达手段,特别要按英语的表达逻辑来调整语句。如“虽然…但是”,在译成英文时不能译成Although…but…,而只能译成Although he is poor, he is well contented.“他虽穷却能知足常乐。”
3、最后审校。这是不可缺少的一个重要环节,而且在最后审校时一定要对照原句,这样才能检查出译文在理解和表达上有什么问题,是否有错译和漏译,以便及时改正。
四、实例分析:
1、这封信必须交给威尔逊本人。
The letter is to be handed to Doctor Wilson himself.(首先分析句子结构:它是一个含有被动语态的简单句,另外要注意谓语动词“必须交给”如何表达。)
2、主席建议这个问题下次再议。
The chairman proposed that the matter (should) be discussed at the next meeting.(首先分析句子:这是一个含有宾语从句的复合句。主句中用了propose一词,因此宾语从句要用虚拟语气。然后确定时态为过去将来时的被动语态。)
3、不言而喻,青年人的教育对于一个国家的未来是至关重要的。
It is self-evident that the education of the young is vital to the future of a country.(此句是一个形式主语从句,it is self-evident that 是一个常用的句型,另一个重要的短语是be vital to 对…是重要的,关键的。)
4、千万别说可能会被别人误解的话。
Be sure not to say anything capable of being misunderstood (此句是一个祈使句的否定句。还有两个重要的短语:be sure to do sth,一定做…,be capable of donging sth:有能力做…。)
5、我们彼此相识刚好一年。
It is /has been just a year since we got to know each other.(这句涉及到动词的完成时,因为“know”是非延续性动词,因此常用从句it is…since 的句型,前面我们已经讲过。)
6、一辆卡车驶进了积雪覆盖的操场。
A truck pulled into the snow-covered playground of the school.
7、她刚收到儿子的来信,大大减轻了她的忧虑。
A letter from her son, which had just been delivered to her, greatly relieved her anxiety.(注意非限定性定语从句被动语态的使用。)
8、每月一定要留出足够的钱,这样你就能买下学期的教科书了。
Be sure to set aside enough money each month so that you can buy the textbooks for the next term.(此句是祈使句,而且含有结果状语从句。)
9、尽管困难重重,我们仍决心执行我们的计划。
In spite of all the difficulties, we are determined to carry out our plan.(两个重要的短语:in spite of 和be determined to do sth)
10、众所周知,我们的许多问题至少部分是由于没能交流思想而引起的。
It is well known that many of our problems are caused at least in part by failure to communicate.(it is well known句型的使用。) |
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