天津大学2005年第一次博士研究生入学考试英语考试

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天津大学2005年第一次博士研究生入学考试英语考试

天津大学博士研究生公共英语入学考试是学校为招收博士研究生而设置的选拔性考试。教育部颁布的《硕士、博士研究生英语教学大纲》规定：“博士生入学其英语水平原则上应达到或略高于硕士生的水平”。根据这一规定，并结合我校招收博士研究生的具体情况，要求博士生入学英语考试既考查考生的语言知识，更注重测试考生的语言应用能力。
一、考试方式
考试采用笔试方式。考试时间为180分钟，试卷满分为100分。

二、考试内容与试卷结构
试题共分为六个部分：听写、词汇与语法、句型转换、综合填空、阅读理解、写作。
1、听写
该部分主要测试考生听力理解的技能及对口头英语信息的短期记忆能力。要求考生听一篇英语短文，在理解的基础上将其中部分内容复写出来。录音材料播放四遍，第一遍和第四遍为正常语速，第二遍和第三遍为较慢速度的朗读，句际间有短暂停顿。听写的文章语言程度适中，大约300词。该项目所需时间约20分钟，共20分。
2、词汇与语法
该部分主要测试考生对在句子层面中的词汇使用和语法结构掌握的程度。词汇题的测试重点是对名词、形容词、动词、各种短语及固定搭配结构的判断和理解，其中包括对同义词、近义词、反义词的辨认与区分等。语法测试的重点包括时态、语态、语气、动词非限定形式、强调、倒装、平行结构等。
该部分共20小题，要求考生从每题给出的4个选项中，选出最佳答案，每小题0.5分，共10分。
3、句型转换
此项题目主要考查考生用不同的语言形式（句型）表达相同意义的能力。要求考生在理解原句意义的基础上，按照要求写出符合语法规则，且与原句意义相同或相近的句子，该部分共10题，每小题2分，共20分。
4、阅读理解
该部分考查考生理解书面英语的能力，其中包括理解具体信息、掌握文章大意、以及根据语境推断未知信息的能力。要求考生根据所提供的四篇文章的内容，从每题所给的4个选项中选出最佳答案，该部分每篇文章约350词，共20题，每题1分，共20分。
5、综合填空
该部分考查考生对不同语境中规范的语言要素（包括词汇、短语和句子结构）的掌握程度，以及对语段特征（如衔接与连贯等）的辨识能力。此题中在一篇240～280词的文章中留出20个空白，要求考生从每题所给的四个选项中选出最佳答案，使填空后的文章意义通顺、连贯，结构完整。此题共有20小题，每题0.5分，共10分。
6、写作
该部分考查考生的书面表达能力。要求考生根据提示信息或所给题目，写出一篇说明或议论型短文，文章应主题明确，条理清楚，语言比较规范，长度不少于180词，共20分。

三、复习备考的参考书目
1、大学英语精读（修订本）第五、六册，总主编董亚芬，上海外语教育出版社，1999年。
2、天津大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题选编，王雪编，天津大学出版社，2002年

四、试题示例
I  Dictation (20%)
Direction: Listen to the following passage. Altogether the passage will be read four times. During the first reading the passage will be read at normal speed and you are supposed to listen only and try to have a general understanding of it. For the second and third readings the passage will be read sentence by sentence or phrase by phase with an interval of 12-15 seconds in between for writing. The last reading will be done at the normal speed again for you to check up.

II  Vocabulary and Structure (10%)
Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Circle the one that best completes the sentence.

1. It was very kind of you to get me something for my birthday, but you      me such an expensive present.
[A]  didn’t need buying                         [B]  needn’t buy
[C]  needn’t have bought                        [D]  hadn’t needed to buy
2. The       of a cultural phenomenon is usually a logical consequence of some physical aspect in the life style of the people.
[A]  manifestation                                 [B]  implementation
[C]  expedition                                 [D]  demonstration
3. He is holding a       position in the company and expects to be promoted soon.
[A]  subordinate                                        [B]  succeeding
[C]  successive                                         [D]  subsequent
4. In American universities, classes are often arranged in more flexible       and many jobs on campus are reserved for students.
[A]  scales                                                [B]  ranks
[C]  grades                                                [D]  patterns
5. The government gave a very       explanation of its plan for economic development.
[A]  comprehensive                                [B]  compound
[C]  considerable                             [D]  complacent
6. In my opinion, you can widen the        of these improvements through your active participation.
[A]  dimension                                        [B]  volume
[C]  magnitude                                        [D]  scope
7. “No Tobacco Day” is the day when the world Health Organization       to people to stop using tobacco products.
[A]  asks                                                         [B]  applies
[C]  appeals                                                [D]  urges
8. The dentist’s confident manner       me that I was in safe hands.
[A]  insured                                                 [B]  assured
[C]  ensured                                                [D]  secured
9. We prefer that the plan       before being put into execution.
[A]  be fully discussed                                [B]  must be fully discussed
[C]  will be fully discussed                        [D]  is fully discussed
10. The sound of footsteps on the bare floor       the downstairs nei**ors.
[A]  disturbed                                                [B]  interrupted
[C]  annoyed                                                [D]  irritated
11. I asked him for a job       the impression that he was the head of the firm, but he wasn’t.
[A]  with                                                 [B]  under
[C]  in                                                 [D]  of
12. It’s no good       remember grammatical rules. You need to practice what you have learned.
[A]  trying to                                                 [B]  try to
[C]  to try to                                                 [D]  tried to
13. The dictator relied on abuse of its opponents       on sounding reasoning.
[A]  more than                                         [B]  rather than
[C]  other than                                         [D]  better than
14. To make the best and the most efficient of your time and to achieve your goals, start each day by      your agenda.
[A]  holding on                                         [B]  making out
[C]  keeping on                                         [D]  taking down
15. Once the question is put, we know       try to obtain the answer.
[A]  to proceed in direction to
[B]  where direction proceed to
[C]  in which direction to proceed to
[D]  which direction proceed toward
16. During the opera’s most famous aria, the tempo chosen by the orchestra’s conductor seemed      , without necessary relation to what had gone before
[A]  tedious                                         [B]  melodious
[C]  capricious                                         [D]  moderation
17. It is time the nations of the world       a halt to the manufacture of nuclear weapons.
[A]  would call                                 [B]  call
[C]  called                                                 [D]  will call
18.When the drops were placed in the patient’s eyes, his pupils became      .
[A]  dilated                                                [B]  smaller
[C]  irritated                                        [D]  sensible
19. To visit zoos that simulate the natural habitats of animals       of great interest to zoologists.
[A]  are                                                [B]  be
[C]  were                                                 [D]  is
20. Mr. Smith      with the government for thirty-seven years by the time he retires.
[A]  will work                                         [B]  will have worked
[C]  will be working                                [D]  will have been worked

III  Sentence Transformation (20%)
Directions: Rewrite each of the following sentences by using the word (s) below it so that each new sentence means roughly the same as the original one. In some instances it may be necessary to change the tense of the given word (s).
1. He is warm-hearted, but this doesn’t mean that he is bright.
(follow)                                                     
2. The manager has asked me to consider this proposal carefully.
(consideration)                                                
3. The garden is too small for a swimming pool.
(room)                                                        
4. Increasing the tax on household goods is bound to cause trouble.
It’s asking                                                     
5. The museum is closed this afternoon.
There is                                                      
6. Don’t touch those wires in any circumstances.
Under                                                         
7. The small number of potential buyers does not provide a sufficiently large market for this kind of apparatus.
(enough)                                                      
8. I was finally able to convince him of its value.
I finally succeeded                                               
9. Film makers understandably lose much of their interest in the genre.
(appeal to )                                                     
10. Not all of the people like this movie.
(popular)                                                      

IV  Cloze (10%)
Directions: Read through the following passage and then decide which of the choices given below could correctly complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks. Circle the correct choice for each blank.
An interesting theory in economics is    1     by the Head Man of a small mountain tribe. If seems that this tribe was very good at making straw mats that had great sales   2   in the   3   market. The representative of an American company went to visit the tribe and tried to make a good business deal. He   4   to the Head Man and   5   that his company would like to   6  several thousand pieces. Undoubtedly, he said, the business   7   would be   8   to the tribe. After some thoughts, the Head Man 　 9   , but announced that the price per piece would be   10   in such a   11   order than it would be if   12  a small order were placed. The representative was   13   than a little shocked   14   the business sense of the Head Man   15   insisted that the price should be   16   because of the large volume, and   17   not higher. “No,” replied the head of the tribe   18  . “But why not ?”asked the American. “Because   19   is so tiresome to make the   20   article over and over,” answered the Head Man.
1. A. illustrated                B. appreciated                C. demonstrated                D. anticipated
2. A. capacity                B. potential                        C. ability                        D. fortune
3. A. straw                  B. global                          C. world                          D. earth
4. A. addressed          B. spoke                         C. asked                                D. told
5. A. declared                B. confirmed                C. demanded                 D. gestured
6. A. order                        B. sell                                C. dispose                        D. make
7. A. treaty                        B. pact                                 C. matter                        D. deal
8. A. effective                 B. efficient                         C. valuable                        D. profitable
9. A. agreed                         B. accepted                         C. refused                         D. received
10. A. lower                        B. higher                        C. expensive                 D. cheaper
11. A. small                 B. big                                C. vast                                 D. high
12. A. certainly                 B. really                                C. only                                D. simply
13. A. greater                B. stronger                        C. less                                 D. more
14. A. from                         B. of                                C. at                                D. since
15. A. who                        B. and                                 C. then                                 D. therefore
16. A. lower                        B. higher                        C. little                         D. raised
17. A. never                        B. really                                C. certainly                        D. yet
18. A. weakly                B. happily                        C. stubbornly                D. hesitatingly
19. A. he                         B. it                                 C. what                                D. work
20. A. similar                 B. beautiful                         C. alike                         D. same

V  Reading Comprehension (20%)
Directions: In this part there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers marked A),B),C) and D). Choose the one that you think is the correct answer.

1
A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.
For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.
The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would, And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.
Today there are many charitable organizations that specialized in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner－amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.
As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word “friend”, the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both nei**ors and strangers.

1. The word “observation” in the first paragraph most probably means
[A] attention.
[B] watchfulness.
[C] survey
[D] opinion.

2. People in frontier settlements used to entertain travelers because these strangers would______.
[A] bring good news from outside world.
[B] help locals solve their problems.
[C] bring a change to the life in the settlements.
[D] requires a different definition.

3. Nowadays the tradition of friendliness to strangers______.
[A] is still prevailing.
[B] can rarely be seen
[C] is wading fast
[D] requires a different definition

4. According to the passage, which of the following is true?
[A] People are still fond of traveling to remote places.
[B] Foreign travelers now keep away from busy tourist trails.
[C] There is no charitable organization in small cities.
[D] Foreign visitors to the US have trouble understanding American’s friendliness.

5. From the last paragraph of the passage we have learned that______
[A] the ability of speaking a foreign language implies a better understanding of its culture.
[B] various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends.
[C] culture exercises a great influence on social interrelationships.
[D] courteous convention and individual interest are closely interrelated.

2
It is well known that when an individual joins a group he tends to accept the group’s standards of behavior and thinking. He is expected to behave in accordance with these norms-in other words the group expects him to conform. Many illustrations could be given of this from everyday life, but what is of particular interest to psychologists is the extent to which people’s judgments and opinions can be changed as a result of group pressure.
In a typical experiment, the experimenter asks for volunteers to join a group that is investigating visual perception. The victims are not, therefore, aware of the real purpose of the experiment. Each volunteer is taken to a room where he finds a group of about seven people who are collaborating with the experimenter. The group is shown a standard card which contains a single line. They are then asked to look at a second card. This has three lines on it. One is obviously longer than the line on the first card, one is shorter and one the same length. They have to say which line on the second card is the same length as the line on the standard card. The other members of the group answer first but what the volunteer does not know is that they have been told to pick one of the wrong lines. The volunteer sees that the other members of the group unanimously choose a line which is obviously not the same length as the one on the standard card.
When it is his turn to answer he is faced with the unanimous opinion of the group－all the others have chosen line A but he quite clearly sees line B as correct. What will he do? According to Asch, more than half of the victims chosen will change their opinion. What is equally surprising is that, when interviewed about their answers, most explained that they knew the group choice was incorrect but that they yielded to the pressure of the group because they thought they must be suffering from an optical illusion.

6. Psychologists are interested in ________.
[A] how far group pressure can influence people’s judgments.
[B] how to make judgments according to everyday experience.
[C] how to change people’s judgments.
[D] the group’s standards of social behaviour.

7. In the experiment. Who have been told to pick the wrong line?
[A] The victims.
[B] The volunteer.
[C] The experimenter.
[D] The other members.
8. In what circumstances do most people yield to pressure?
[A] When the group is separated.
[B] When the group is unanimous.
[C] When they know they are the victims.
[D] When they are forced to answer questions.

9. The experiments demonstrate that _______.
[A] nearly every individual will behave differently from others
[B] group pressure is caused by the interference of the psychologists.
[C] psychologists wish to change the people’s judgments and opinions.
[D] people will change their ideas under group pressure.

10.The best title of this passage would be _________.
[A]A Typical Experiment.
[B]Are We Afraid to be Different?
[C]The Group’s Standards of Behavior and Thinking.
[D]Dose an Individual Need to Follow a Group’s Standards?

3
The single business of Henry Thoreau ,during forty-old years of eager activity was to discover an economy calculated to provide a satisfying life .His one concern ,that gave to his ramblings in Concord fields a value of high adventure ,was to explore the true meaning of wealth .As he understood the problem of economics ,there three possible solutions open to him :to exploit himself ,to exploit his fellows ,or to reduce the problem to its lowest denominator .The first was quite impossible –to imprison oneself in a treadmill when the morning called to great adventure .To exploit one’s fellows seemed to Thoreau’s sensitive social conscience an even greater infidelity .Freedom with abstinence seemed to him better than serfdom with material well-being ,and he was content to move to Walden Pond and to set about the high business of living ,”to confront only the essential facts of life and to see what it had to teach .” He did not advocate that other men should build cabins and live isolated .He had no wish to dogmatize concerning the best mode of living-each must settle that for himself .But that a satisfying life should be lived ,he was vitally concerned .The story of his emancipation from the lower economics is the one romance of his life ,and Walden is his great book .It is a book In praise of life rather than of Nature ,a record of calculating economics that studied saving in order to spend more largely .But it is a book of social criticism as well ,in spite of its explicit denial of such a purpose .In considering the true nature of economy he concluded ,with Ruskin , that the cost of a thing is the amount of life that is required in exchange for it ,immediately or in the long run .In Walden Thoreau elaborated the text :”The only wealth is life .”

11.Thoueau started an experiment at Walden Pond with the hope of ______.
[A]learning how to live quietly .
[B]writing a book on philosophy .
[C]discovering what humans can learn from nature.
[D]working out the best adjustment to material life .

12.To Thoreau the best solution to the problem of economics is _______.
[A]to live a very simple life .
[B]to become self –sufficient.
[C]to live in the country .
[D]to reform the society .

13.Thoreau holds that the crucial thing for people to do is to ________.
[A]have a better understanding of what life means .
[B]live harmoniously with nature .
[C]to save as much as one possibly can .
[D]to live a life that one is content with .

14.In the book “Walden” all of the following can be found except________.
[A] the nature of economy.
[B] the meaning of freedom.
[C] the criticism of society.
[D] Ruskin’s philosophy.

15. Thoreau’s attitude toward society can best be characterized as one of _______.
[A] acceptance.
[B] avoidance.
[C]indifference
[D] individualism

4
Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automatic operation of productive machinery. It reduces the human factors, mental and physical, in production, and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The development of automation in American industry has been called the “Second Industrial Revolution.”
Labor’s concern over automation arises from uncertainty about its effects on employment, and fears of major changes in jobs. In the main, labor has taken the view that resistance to technological change is futile. In the long run, the result of automation may well be an increase in employment, since it is expected that vast industries will grow up around manufacturing, maintaining, and repairing automation equipment. Unquestionably, however, there will be major shifts in jobs within plants and displacement of labor from one industry to another. The interest of labor lies in bringing about this transition with a minimum of inconvenience and distress to the workers involved. Also, union spokesmen emphasize that the benefit of the increased production and lower costs made possible by automation should be shared by workers in the form of higher wages, more leisure, and improved living standards.
To protect the interests of their members in the era of automation, unions have adopted a number of new policies. One of these is the promotion of supplementary unemployment benefits plans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved in SUB plan has a direct financial stake in preventing unemployment, he will have a strong incentive for planning new installations so as to cause the least possible disruption in jobs and job assignments. Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements, requiring that permanently laid off workers be paid a sum of money based on length of service. Another approach is the idea of the “improvement factor,” which calls for wage increase based on increases in productivity. It is probable, however, that labor will rely mainly on reduction in working hours in order to gain a full share in the fruits of automation.

16. We learn from paragraph 1 that automation will probably lead to_______.
[A] industrial expansion
[B] an increase in employment
[C] displacement of labor from one industry to another.
[D] an increase in unemployment.

17. Labor has the opinion that _______.
[A] all efforts must be made to prevent automation
[B] automation will cause a rise in consumer costs
[C] its main interest lies in increasing all wages.
[D] technological change cannot be stopped.

18. What is the relation between automation and employment in the opinion of labor?
[A] Automation will definitely leads to more unemployment.
[B] From a long-term point of view automation will bring about more jobs.
[C] Automation will not cause much change in employment
[D] sooner of later automation will do all the work instead of man

19. The union stresses that ________.
[A] workers should also enjoy the fruits brought about by automation.
[B] no workers should be fired in the development of automation
[C] it is necessary to slow down the development of automation
[D] workers should be paid according to their length of service

20. How many new policies of the unions have been listed in this passage?
[A]1       
[B]2       
[C]3       
[D]5


VI  Writing (20%)
Directions: People may hold different views as to the dispute over when the shaping of a person’s character, or natural disposition is completed. Some people state that the process of forming one’s character is fulfilled in one’s childhood, whereas others argue that it is achieved after one finishes his school studies or has worked for a year beyond campus. What do you think? Provide details in support of your argument with at least 180 words.