4 .無水痘免疫力暴露者的預防性用藥:近二年台灣才剛針對滿一歲嬰兒全面施打活性減毒水痘疫苗,所以推測至少有百分之七十到九十的成人有自然感染的免疫力,只有少數成人或青少年沒有免疫力,對於不曾長過水痘但又暴露的人來說,在三天(或五天)內接種疫苗,可達到預防效果,十三歲以上之疫苗注射方法為間隔一至二個月注射二劑[11]。如果已經有前驅症狀的人,施打疫苗並不會增加疾病嚴重度,亦不會增加疫苗本身的副作用。如果不清楚是否得過水痘,施打疫苗也算安全。若暴露者可能接觸到孕婦或免疫不全者時,暴露者宜於七十二小時內接種疫苗[12]。
(1) 暴露者水痘病史不詳、免疫力正常:在接觸的七十二小時內給予疫苗(或一百二十小時內亦可) 。
(2) 暴露者為免疫力低下時(如愛滋病患者、惡性腫瘤患者、正接受化療或高劑量類固醇治療):在暴露九十六小時以內給予VZIG (125 units per 10 kg body weight)或ZIP是最有效的辦法。若已超過九十六小時,則可考慮給予七天的抗病毒藥物治療。
(3) 懷孕婦女:給予VZIG。
(4) 新生兒其母親若在生產前五天或產後二天內出現水痘症狀時:所生產的嬰兒很可能會有全身性的水痘症狀,因致死率高,所以必須給予新生兒VZIG預防。
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